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EZEKIEL 16

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five modern translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

1. First paragraph

2. Second paragraph

3. Third paragraph, etc.

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:1-5
 ¹Then the word of the Lord came to me, saying, ²"Son of man, make known to Jerusalem her abominations ³and say, 'Thus says the Lord God to Jerusalem, "Your origin and your birth are from the land of the Canaanite, your father was an Amorite and your mother a Hittite. ⁴As for your birth, on the day you were born your navel cord was not cut, nor were you washed with water for cleansing; you were not rubbed with salt or even wrapped in cloths. ⁵No eye looked with pity on you to do any of these things for you, to have compassion on you. Rather you were thrown out into the open field, for you were abhorred on the day you were born."'"

16:2 "Son of man" This phrase is a literary marker of a new topic or new revelation. See note at Ezek. 2:1.

SPECIAL TOPIC: SON OF MAN

▣ "make known" The VERB (BDB 393, KB 390, Hiphil IMPERATIVE) means "to announce." The Niphal stem is often used of making YHWH known (cf. Ezek. 20:5,9; 38:23; 35:11) and also in the Hiphil (cf. Ezek. 39:7). However, in this context it means declaring to Jerusalem her "abominations." YHWH made Himself and His will clear to His people, but they would not draw near to Him and follow Him!

SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATION (OT)

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY

16:3 "origin" This term (BDB 468) occurs only three times in the OT and are all in Ezekiel (cf. Ezek. 16:3; 21:30; 29:14). The etymology is uncertain.

1. The same letters can mean "a kind of weapon" (cf. Gen. 49:5).
2. Some scholars think the meaning is related to the VERB (BDB 468 II) "dig" or "hew" (cf. Ps. 22:16).
3. Others think it is from BDB 500 II, "to get by trade" or "purchase."

▣ "Your origin and your birth are from the land of the Canaanite" This could be understood in several senses.

1. This explains the source of their idolatrous tendencies
2. They were not a people until YHWH chose them and delivered them from Egypt
   1. from the land of Canaan
   2. father was an Amorite, Ezek. 16:45
   3. mother was a Hittite, Ezek. 16:45
3. refers exclusively to the physical city of Salem, Jebus, and later Jerusalem

The term "father" may refer to tribal ancestors (cf. NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 219) and not Abraham, who is called "a wandering Aramean" in Deut. 26:5. This verse is figurative, meaning that Judah's parents were non-Israelite. This was revealed by their idolatrous actions. This is not a text on genealogy, but on idolatry! Israel was unfaithful from the very beginning (cf. Deut. 32:5; Isa. 1:2-3; Jer. 7:24-26; 11:7-8; Ezek. 2:6-8; 3:9,26; 12:2-3; 16:3,45; Hosea 6:7; 9:10; 11:1-4; 13:4-6).

SPECIAL TOPIC: MORIAH, SALEM, JEBUS, ZION, JERUSALEM

▣ "Canaanite" See SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PRE-ISRAELITE INHABITANTS OF PALESTINE

16:4-5 These verses describe, in birthing symbolism, Israel's predicament at birth without YHWH's help.

1. the umbilical cord was not cut
2. they were not washed with water for cleansing
3. they were not rubbed with salt
4. they were not wrapped in cloths (this was meant to protect the limbs, the opposite of squirming, cf. Ezek. 16:6)
5. no eye looked on them with pity
6. there was no compassion on them
7. they were thrown out into the open field (female babies were sometimes abandoned in the Ancient Near East)

Israel was neglected and abandoned by all! None of the traditional birthing rites were observed! Death was certain!

Numbers 1-4 detail practices of Arab groups, which are still present in Palestine today. It would have been the expected procedures for a "wanted" child.

16:4 "cleansing" The word "cleansing" (BDB 606, KB 650) is found only here and its meaning is unknown.

1. The Aramaic Targums translate it "wash" from an Arabic root.
2. The Arminian root is "to smear" or "to rub"

16:5 "abhorred" Literally this is a NOUN (BDB 172) which appears only here in the OT. However, the VERB is used in Ezek. 16:45 (BDB 171, KB 199, Qal PARTICIPLE and Qal PERFECT) twice. It denotes something hated because it is unclean (i.e., dung or spoilage).

Much of Ezekiel's terminology is drawn from Leviticus 26. In this chapter this word is used of both Israel and YHWH.

1. Israel
   1. they abhorred YHWH's commandments, Ezek. 16:15
   2. they abhorred YHWH's commandments, Ezek. 16:43
2. YHWH
   1. YHWH will not abhor them, Ezek. 16:11
   2. YHWH abhors them because of their idolatry, Ezek. 16:30
   3. YHWH abhors them because of their covenant disobedience, Ezek. 16:44

Leviticus 26 is parallel to Deut. 28:15-68.

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:6-7
 ⁶"When I passed by you and saw you squirming in your blood, I said to you while you were in your blood, 'Live!' Yes, I said to you while you were in your blood, 'Live!' ⁷I made you numerous like plants of the field. Then you grew up, became tall and reached the age for fine ornaments; your breasts were formed and your hair had grown. Yet you were naked and bare."

16:6-14 This describes YHWH's loving acts toward Israel.

1. saw her predicament and commanded life (two Qal IMPERATIVES, BDB 310, KB 309), Ezek. 16:6
2. made her numerous, like the plants of the field, Ezek. 16:7
3. Israel grew like a young woman to maturity (full height, full breasts, long hair or pubic hair), but was uncared for (i.e., naked and bare). YHWH proposed to her and made promises to her (i.e., marriage covenant), Ezek. 16:7-8
   1. bathed with water, Ezek. 16:9
   2. anointed with oil, Ezek. 16:9
   3. clothed, Ezek. 16:10
   4. put shoes on her feet, Ezek. 16:10
   5. wrapped in fine shawl, Ezek. 16:10
   6. gave jewelry, Ezek. 16:11-13a
   7. gave good food, Ezek. 16:13b
4. her beauty was renowned because of YHWH's care and gifts, Ezek. 16:14

She was nothing, yea despised, until YHWH chose her, cared for her, and married her (i.e., "swore," BDB 989, KB 1396, Niphal IMPERFECT).

The term (BDB 100, KB 115, Hithpolel PARTICIPLE) normally means "to tread down" or "trample," but in the Hithpolel stem (here and v. 22) it seems to refer to the random movement of an infant's limbs.

"A myriad" (BDB 914) literally refers to ten thousand, but it is often used in a figurative sense (i.e., Gen. 24:60; Ps. 3:6; Song of Songs 5:10).

▣ "You grew up" (BDB 915, KB 1176, Qal IMPERFECT with waw) means "become a numerous people" (i.e., Gen. 1:28; 9:1-7; Exod. 1:10,12,20; Deut. 6:3; 8:1; 30:16).

1. BDB suggests that here it means "grow great" or "grow strong," from an Aramean root (NASB, Peshitta)
2. KB suggests "grow up" for the meaning here (NRSV, TEV, NJB, LXX)
3. It is a word play on "numerous" (BDB 914), which means "myriad," found at the beginning of v. 7

This is literally "with ornament of ornaments" (BDB 725 CONSTRUCT BDB 725). This phrase and the next two mean she had reached an age to be married (RSV, NEB).

The UBS Text Project, p. 40, gives two translation options based on textual variants.

1. "to the beauty of beauties" (lit. "jewellery" doubled, BDB 725, KB 791 II)
2. "in the time of menstruations" (emendation)
3. JPSOA footnote, "meaning of Hebrew uncertain"

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:8-14
 ⁸"Then I passed by you and saw you, and behold, you were at the time for love; so I spread My skirt over you and covered your nakedness. I also swore to you and entered into a covenant with you so that you became Mine," declares the Lord God. ⁹"Then I bathed you with water , washed off your blood from you and anointed you with oil. ¹⁰I also clothed you with embroidered cloth and put sandals of porpoise skin on your feet; and I wrapped you with fine linen and covered you with silk. ¹¹I adorned you with ornaments, put bracelets on your hands and a necklace around your neck. ¹²I also put a ring in your nostril, earrings in your ears and a beautiful crown on your head. ¹³Thus you were adorned with gold and silver, and your dress was of fine linen, silk and embroidered cloth. You ate fine flour, honey and oil; so you were exceedingly beautiful and advanced to royalty. ¹⁴Then your fame went forth among the nations on account of your beauty, for it was perfect because of My splendor which I bestowed on you," declares the Lord God"

This was a gesture of proposal (cf. Ruth 3:9) or an idiom for marriage (cf. Deut. 22:30).

The term "skirt" (BDB 489) literally means "wing," but here it refers to the corner of one's robe (cf. Deut. 11:12).

The prophets often used the intimate covenant of marriage as imagery for the relationship between YHWH and His covenant people (cf. Isa. 66:7-14; Jeremiah 2-3; Ezekiel 16; 23; Hosea 1-3; Zeph. 3:14-20).

▣ "entered into a covenant with you" See SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

16:9 This describes what the prospective husband (YHWH) did for His wife-to-be.

1. bath of cleansing, still done before the wedding rite
2. blood washed off, this refers to her menstrual period, denoting she is of marriageable age (this may also be implied in Ezek. 16:7)
3. anointed with oil, preparation for the wedding feast

SPECIAL TOPIC: ANOINTING IN THE BIBLE

16:10 "embroidered cloth" This term (BDB 955) is used several times in Ezekiel of expensive multi-colored or embroidered cloth (cf. Ezek. 16:10,13,18; 26:16; 27:7,16,24). It is used in Ezek. 17:3 to describe a multi-colored great eagle.

The term (BDB 1065, KB 1720 I) refers to a type of animal skin. Exactly which animal is uncertain.

1. dolphin, Arabic (JPSOA, NASB in Exod. 25:5)
2. sheep, conjecture
3. leather, Egyptian (NRSV, "fine leather," KB's best guess)
4. seal, NASB, Exod. 35:23

Elsewhere, this term is used for the construction of the tabernacle (cf. Exod. 25:5; 26:14; 35:7,23; 36:19; 39:34; Num. 4:6,8). The best choices seem to be #1 or #4, both found in the Red Sea in large numbers having skins large enough to make durable sheeting for the tabernacle.

▣ "fine linen" The etymology of this word (BDB 1058, KB 1663 III, B) is uncertain (JPSOA). Most scholars relate it to an Egyptian word for fine woven linen JPSOA.

1. for fine garments, Gen. 41:42; Pro. 31:22
2. for sails, Ezek. 16:10,13; 27:7
3. for priestly garments, Exod. 28:5,39
4. for hangings in the tabernacle, Exod. 27:9,16,18; 38:9,16,18
5. for curtains in the tabernacle, Exod. 26:1,31,36; 36:8,35,37

16:12-13a This is a list of jewelry expressing YHWH's love and care for Israel.

1. ornaments, Ezek. 16:11, BDB 725
2. bracelets, Ezek. 16:11, BDB 855
3. chain (necklace), Ezek. 16:11, BDB 914, cf. Gen. 41:42
4. ring in your nose, Ezek. 16:12, BDB 633, cf. Gen. 24:47; Isa. 3:21
5. earrings, Ezek. 16:12, BDB 722, cf. Num. 31:50
6. crown of beauty, Ezek. 16:12, BDB 742
7. adorned with gold and silver, Ezek. 16:13

16:13 "exceedingly beautiful" The ADVERB "exceedingly" comes from a repetition of BDB 547, cf. Ezek. 9:9; Gen. 17:2,6,20; Exod. 1:7.

▣ "advanced to royalty" This orphan child (i.e., Israel) is elevated to the royal family status, both by adoption and marriage.

16:14 "it was perfect" This ADJECTIVE (BDB 483) is used in the sense of wholeness or an entire state of completion. It is used

1. of the report of Jerusalem's beauty, 16:14; Ps. 50:2; Lam. 2:15
2. of the King of Tyre, 27:3; 28:12

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:15-22
 ¹⁵"But you trusted in your beauty and played the harlot because of your fame, and you poured out your harlotries on every passer-by who might be willing. ¹⁶You took some of your clothes, made for yourself high places of various colors and played the harlot on them, which should never come about nor happen. ¹⁷You also took your beautiful jewels made of My gold and of My silver, which I had given you, and made for yourself male images that you might play the harlot with them. ¹⁸Then you took your embroidered cloth and covered them, and offered My oil and My incense before them. ¹⁹Also My bread which I gave you, fine flour, oil and honey with which I fed you, you would offer before them for a soothing aroma; so it happened," declares the Lord God. ²⁰"Moreover, you took your sons and daughters whom you had borne to Me and sacrificed them to idols to be devoured. Were your harlotries so small a matter? ²¹You slaughtered My children and offered them up to idols by causing them to pass through the fire. ²²Besides all your abominations and harlotries you did not remember the days of your youth, when you were naked and bare and squirming in your blood."

16:15 "you trusted in your beauty" This VERB (BDB 105, KB 120, Qal IMPERFECT with waw) basically meant "trust" or "rely upon." In this context it denotes Judah's reliance on fertility idolatry (cf. Ps. 115:4-8; 135:15-18; Isa. 42:17; Jer. 13:25; 48:7).

▣ "played the harlot" This VERB (BDB 275, KB 275, Qal IMPERFECT with waw) means "commit fornication." Idolatry is imagery for sexual unfaithfulness (cf. Ezek. 16:28; 23:30; Jer. 3:1). Israel and Judah were married to YHWH (cf. Ezek. 16:8), but they pursued other gods of Egypt, Canaan, Assyria, and Babylon. This could have been done in one of two ways.

1. official governmental relations (i.e., treaties) which were done in the name of these national gods (cf. Ezek. 16:26,28; 23:5,7; Isa. 23:17)
2. the worship of these foreign gods (cf. chapter 8; Exod. 34:15-16; Lev. 20:5; Deut. 31:16)

This sexual (marriage, cf. Hosea 1-3; Eph. 5:21-31) imagery is used because of the personal nature of faith. Marriage is often used as a way of referring to intimacy. Faith is a spiritual intimacy! YHWH takes human commitment (i.e., free will) seriously.

See a brief discussion of prostitution in the ANE in IVP Bible Background Commentary, p. 702.

16:16-21 The apostasy of Jerusalem took Judah's beauty and wealth given to her by YHWH (cf. Ezek. 16:10-14) and turned it into pagan shrines and worship practices.

1. decorated shrines ("high places," cf. Ezek. 16:24,31,39) of multi-colored cloth, given by YHWH, used as a place to commit adultery
2. made idols with ornaments and jewels given by YHWH, Ezek. 16:17
3. offered YHWH's oil and incense, Ezek. 16:18
4. offered YHWH's food, Ezek. 16:19
5. offered the fruit of the womb (i.e., children, Ezek. 16:36), which YHWH had bestowed, Ezek. 16:20-22.

SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH

16:17 "made for yourself male images" These could refer to phallic statues (i.e., Ba'al) or jewelry. The gold and silver were YHWH's gifts to His bride (Israel). They turned these gifts into fertility idols (like the golden calf of Exodus 32), just as they turned the beautiful clothing given by YHWH into mats and blankets on which to fornicate (cf. Ezek. 16:16).

They took other clothing (Ezek. 16:18) and dressed up their images and took YHWH's oil, incense, and food and offered it to these lifeless fertility idols (cf. Ezek. 16:18-19).

They were so caught up in their commitment and superstition that they sacrificed their own children to Molech to insure the fertility of land, cattle, and the human population (cf. Ezek. 16:20-21; 20:26,31; 23:37).

SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF THE ANE

16:19 "a soothing aroma" This is an idiomatic way of referring to an accepted sacrifice. Again Ezekiel is influenced by Leviticus 26, where this terminology is used in a threat (cf. Lev. 26:30-31). Ezekiel uses this idiom mostly in connection with pagan idolatries (cf. Ezek. 6:13; 16:19; 20:28), however, Ezek. 20:41 is a future-oriented exception (i.e., the Messianic temple).

SPECIAL TOPIC: A SOOTHING AROMA

16:22 "you did not remember the days of your youth" The VERB "remember" (BDB 269, KB 219, Qal PERFECT) occurs twice. Jerusalem's idolatries are more egregious because

1. she was chosen by YHWH
2. she was blessed by YHWH
3. she was married to YHWH

It was a violation of love as well as law!

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:23-29
 ²³"Then it came about after all your wickedness ('Woe, woe to you!' declares the Lord God), ²⁴that you built yourself a shrine and made yourself a high place in every square. ²⁵You built yourself a high place at the top of every street and made your beauty abominable, and you spread your legs to every passer-by to multiply your harlotry. ²⁶You also played the harlot with the Egyptians, your lustful neighbors, and multiplied your harlotry to make Me angry. ²⁷Behold now, I have stretched out My hand against you and diminished your rations. And I delivered you up to the desire of those who hate you, the daughters of the Philistines, who are ashamed of your lewd conduct. ²⁸Moreover, you played the harlot with the Assyrians because you were not satisfied; you played the harlot with them and still were not satisfied. ²⁹You also multiplied your harlotry with the land of merchants, Chaldea, yet even with this you were not satisfied."

16:23-29 This is a list of the nations with which Judea made political connections and, thereby, introduced their gods into its culture.

1. Egypt, Ezek. 16:26
2. Philistia, Ezek. 16:27
3. Assyria, Ezek. 16:28
4. Babylon, Ezek. 16:29

16:23 "(Woe, woe to you!' declares the Lord God)" This INTERJECTION (BDB 17) implies "grief and despair to you" (cf. Ezek. 24:6,9). It is used mostly by Jeremiah (cf. Ezek. 4:13,31; 6:4; 10:19; 13:27; 15:10; 45:3; 48:46). There are consequences of human choices! Infidelity brings a sharp response from a faithful, loving God! Judgment is painful for Judah and for YHWH!

These two terms denote a raised platform.

1. "shrine," BDB 146, literally "mound" (in this sense only in this chapter, Ezek. 16:24,31,39)
2. "high place," BDB 928, in this chapter (Ezek. 16:24,25,31,39) are the only occurrences of this term in the sense of a manmade, raised platform. It is used in 1 Sam. 22:6 as a natural height. These same Hebrew letters (BDB 941 II) form the VERB "to deal treacherously" (in Piel stem). This might be a wordplay.

Fertility worship was usually performed on hills, but Israel moved the worship onto man-made platforms in every town square.

The VERB (BDB 832, KB 979, Piel IMPERFECT) is used as a euphemism with "feet" (BDB 919) to refer to genitalia (cf. NIDOTTE, vol. 3, p. 1048).

1. male, Exod. 4:25; Jdg. 3:24; Ruth 3:4,7; 1 Sam. 24:3; Isa. 7:20
2. female, Deut. 28:57; Ezek. 16:25
3. possibly angels (Seraphim), Isa. 6:2 (see SPECIAL TOPIC: "Sons of God" in Genesis 6

The Hebrew construct (BDB 152 CONSTRUCT 142) literally means "great of flesh," which in this context, would refer to aroused male genitalia (cf. Ezek. 23:20).

▣ "to make Me angry" The VERB (BDB 494, KB 491, Hiphil INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT) is often used of the covenant community provoking YHWH by covenant infidelity, 8:17; Jdg. 2:12; 1 Kgs. 14:9,15; 16:33; 22:54; 2 Kgs. 17:11; 23:19; Isa. 65:3; Jer. 7:18-19; 11:17; 32:29,32; 44:3. This is where the imagery of YHWH as "jealous" begins (cf. Deut. 32:16,21)! Idolatry is a violation of faithful love. It is personal and purposeful! Notice these emotional words.

1. wrath, Ezek. 16:38,42; (BDB 404)
2. jealousy, Ezek. 16:38,42 (BDB 888)
3. enraged, Ezek. 16:43 (BDB 919, KB 1182)

SPECIAL TOPIC: GOD DESCRIBED AS HUMAN

SPECIAL TOPIC: JEALOUS/ZEALOUS

16:27 "I have stretched out My hand" This is an idiom for action.

SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND

▣ "who are ashamed of your lewd conduct" Even the pagans were ashamed (i.e., "humiliated," BDB 483, KB 480, Niphal PARTICIPLE) by Judah's idolatry, cf. Ezek. 16:57; 5:14-15; 22:4. Instead of being a light to the nations Judah was a stumbling block.

The term "lewd" (BDB 273) is a term used several times in Leviticus to denote improper sexual partners (cf. Lev. 18:17; 19:29; 22:11). This lewdness would result in exile from the Promised Land (cf. Lev. 18:24-30; 20:22-23). Ezekiel uses this priestly terminology (i.e., he was a priest of the line of Zadok) to shock Judah about their sins (cf. Ezek. 16:27,43,58; 22:9,11; 23:21,27,29,35,44,48[twice],49; 24:13; see NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 1113).

This term (BDB 488) is related to the term Canaan or Canaanite (BDB 489). Its basic meaning was "trader" (cf. Ezek. 17:4; Zeph. 1:11; Zech. 14:21). However, in the OT it has a negative connotation because of the idolatries of the ten tribes of Palestine. When God's people act like unfair traders, they are characterized as Canaanites (cf. Hosea 12:8).

SPECIAL TOPIC: PRE-ISRAELITE INHABITANTS OF PALESTINE

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:30-34
 ³⁰"How languishing is your heart," declares the Lord God, "while you do all these things, the actions of a bold-faced harlot. ³¹When you built your shrine at the beginning of every street and made your high place in every square, in disdaining money, you were not like a harlot. ³²You adulteress wife, who takes strangers instead of her husband! ³³Men give gifts to all harlots, but you give your gifts to all your lovers to bribe them to come to you from every direction for your harlotries. ³⁴Thus you are different from those women in your harlotries, in that no one plays the harlot as you do, because you give money and no money is given you; thus you are different."

16:30-34 Judah was so desperate for political alliances that she pursued the surrounding nations for help. She never felt secure (i.e., "never satisfied," cf. Ezek. 16:28,29). She was an unusual harlot in that she paid to be loved (cf. Ezek. 16:41, i.e., protected)! This is possibly a reference to Tiglath-pileser being bribed by King Ahaz in 2 Kgs. 16:8.

This is the only occurrence of this VERB (BDB 51, KB 63, Qal PARTICIPLE) in the Qal stem in the MT. Its basic meaning is "weak," implying weak-willed. The NASB translates this as "languishing." The UBS Text Project, p. 42, gives this an "A" rating. But some say this does not fit the context of the next phrase. Some early copies of the Hebrew Bible were found in a hidden room behind the shelves that contain the Scripture scrolls in the synagogue of Cairo, Egypt. These copies have "How inflamed was your heart," which fits the context much better and may be the source of the Septuagint and Vulgate translations of "how strong" (cf. NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 426).

KB (63 II) asserts there is another use of this root in the Qal stem that means "hot with fever."

The ADJECTIVE (BDB 1020) is used only here in this sense. The term's basic meaning is "domineering" (cf. Gen. 42:6). The sense of "hard headed/hard hearted" is found in Jer. 3:3.

The MT has the "gift" (BDB 623, KB 674 II) which is found only here in the Hebrew Bible. KB gives two translation options.

1. present
2. cost of a prostitute

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:35-43
 ³⁵Therefore, O harlot, hear the word of the Lord. ³⁶Thus says the Lord God, "Because your lewdness was poured out and your nakedness uncovered through your harlotries with your lovers and with all your detestable idols, and because of the blood of your sons which you gave to idols, ³⁷therefore, behold, I will gather all your lovers with whom you took pleasure, even all those whom you loved and all those whom you hated. So I will gather them against you from every direction and expose your nakedness to them that they may see all your nakedness. ³⁸Thus I will judge you like women who commit adultery or shed blood are judged; and I will bring on you the blood of wrath and jealousy. ³⁹I will also give you into the hands of your lovers, and they will tear down your shrines, demolish your high places, strip you of your clothing, take away your jewels, and will leave you naked and bare. ⁴⁰They will incite a crowd against you and they will stone you and cut you to pieces with their swords. ⁴¹They will burn your houses with fire and execute judgments on you in the sight of many women. Then I will stop you from playing the harlot, and you will also no longer pay your lovers. ⁴²So I will calm My fury against you and My jealousy will depart from you, and I will be pacified and angry no more. ⁴³Because you have not remembered the days of your youth but have enraged Me by all these things, behold, I in turn will bring your conduct down on your own head," declares the Lord God, "so that you will not commit this lewdness on top of all your other abominations."

6:36 "because of the blood of your sons which you gave to idols" This refers to the worship of Molech.

SPECIAL TOPIC: BLOOD

SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH

16:37 "I shall gather" This VERB (BDB 867, KB 1062, Piel PARTICIPLE and Piel PERFECT with waw) is used twice in this verse. It is YHWH who brings the mercenary Neo-Babylonian army into Judah (Ezek. 16:40). All of Judah's political alliances are useless. Most of the surrounding nations are now part of the Neo-Babylonian army under Nebuchadnezzar II.

The theological tragedy is that this word is often used of YHWH gathering His people as a flock from exile (cf. Isa. 40:11; Jer. 31:10; Ezek. 34:13; 37:21)but here, because Judah would not repent, her enemies are gathered to attack her!

16:39 "into the hands" See SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND

▣ "and will leave you naked and bare" The innocent imagery of Ezek. 16:7 has now been replaced with the violent treatment by the invaders sent by YHWH to punish His unfaithful bride (Ezek. 16:48).

The Jews developed this contrast between a time of innocence and a time of responsibility by their theological concept of the two yetzers ("intents"). Until the age of knowledge and commitment (i.e., Bar Mitzvah, males, age 13 or Bat Mitvah, females, age 12) children were not responsible for keeping the Law, but after study and vows, they were responsible.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE AGE OF ACCOUNTABILITY

16:40 This verse makes clear that it is YHWH behind the judgment. Two judgments are mentioned.

1. stoning was a way for the community to remove evil from its midst
   1. worship of Molech by child sacrifice, Lev. 20:2 (see SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH)
   2. mediums, Lev. 20:27
   3. blasphemer, Lev. 24:23
   4. false prophets, Deut. 13:5
   5. idolaters, Deut. 13:9; 17:5
   6. rebellious son, Deut. 21:21
   7. adultery or fornication, Deut. 22:21
   8. rape, Deut. 22:24
2. death by the sword to idolatrous cities, Deut. 13:15

SPECIAL TOPIC: STONE TO DEATH

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE DEATH PENALTY IN ISRAEL

16:42 This is the first note of hope (cf. Ezek. 16:60-63). YHWH's jealousy will pass!

1. I shall calm My fury, BDB 628, KB 679, Hiphil PERFECT with waw
2. My jealousy will depart, BDB 693, KB 747, Qal PERFECT with waw
3. I shall be pacified, BDB 1052, KB 1641, Qal PERFECT
4. I will no more be angry, BDB 494, KB 491, Qal IMPERFECT

This is similar to Ezek. 5:13!

16:43 "you have not remembered" This VERB (BDB 269, KB 269, Qal PERFECT) is a recurrent theme (cf. Ezek. 16:22,43; 23:19). Judah's violation of YHWH's love was very painful for Him! He chose them but they chose idols!

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:44-52
 ⁴⁴"Behold, everyone who quotes proverbs will quote this proverb concerning you, saying, 'Like mother, like daughter.' ⁴⁵You are the daughter of your mother, who loathed her husband and children. You are also the sister of your sisters, who loathed their husbands and children. Your mother was a Hittite and your father an Amorite. ⁴⁶Now your older sister is Samaria, who lives north of you with her daughters; and your younger sister, who lives south of you, is Sodom with her daughters. ⁴⁷Yet you have not merely walked in their ways or done according to their abominations; but, as if that were too little, you acted more corruptly in all your conduct than they. ⁴⁸"As I live," declares the Lord God, "Sodom, your sister and her daughters have not done as you and your daughters have done. ⁴⁹Behold, this was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had arrogance, abundant food and careless ease, but she did not help the poor and needy. ⁵⁰Thus they were haughty and committed abominations before Me. Therefore I removed them when I saw it. ⁵¹Furthermore, Samaria did not commit half of your sins, for you have multiplied your abominations more than they. Thus you have made your sisters appear righteous by all your abominations which you have committed. ⁵²Also bear your disgrace in that you have made judgment favorable for your sisters. Because of your sins in which you acted more abominably than they, they are more in the right than you. Yes, be also ashamed and bear your disgrace, in that you made your sisters appear righteous."

16:44-59 This is another parable in a series of parables (i.e., Ezekiel chapters 15-18).

16:44 "like mother, like daughter" This denotes that the children take on the characteristics of the families in which they are raised (note Exod. 20:5; Deut. 5:9).

16:46 This verse specifies that Ezekiel is talking about three sinful capital cities that experienced the judgment of God.

1. Samaria (i.e., Israel), taken captive for her unfaithfulness by Assyria in 722 B.C.
2. Sodom (and Gomorrah), destroyed for their wickedness in Genesis 18
3. Jerusalem (i.e., Judah), who has been (i.e., 605, 597 B.C.) and would be, taken captive (i.e., 586 B.C.) by Neo-Babylon (even another exile in 582 B.C.)

This comparison is very similar to chapter 23 (Oholah/Samaria and Oholibah/Jerusalem). Also note Jer. 3:6-10,11.

▣ "and her daughters" This phrase (cf. Ezek. 16:49,55,57,61) refers to the surrounding villages, socially and economically connected to these large walled cities.

16:49 In Genesis 19 Sodom is described as a city of sexual deviation (i.e., homosexuality) and is destroyed by God. But here, she is later condemned for her lack of care for the poor and needy. She could help, but she would not! YHWH cares for the poor, alien, outcast, orphaned, and socially disenfranchised (cf. Deut. 10:18; 14:29; 24:17-22; 26:13; 27:19)!

SPECIAL TOPIC: HOMOSEXUALITY

16:50 "abominations" See SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATION (OT) and SPECIAL TOPIC: LIFTED UP

16:51-52 Judah's sins were even more egregious than the other two! Judah should have known better

1. because of the judgments of God that befell the other two (i.e., Sodom and Samaria)
2. because of the presence of the temple in Jerusalem with its leadership

16:52 There is a series of IMPERATIVES of judgment.

1. bear your disgrace, BDB 669, KB 724, Qal IMPERATIVE
2. be ashamed, BDB 101, KB 116, Qal IMPERATIVE
3. #1 is repeated

Jerusalem's sins are so base that they make Sodom and Samaria appear righteous (cf. Ezek. 16:54b)!

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:53-59
 ⁵³"Nevertheless, I will restore their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, and along with them your own captivity, ⁵⁴in order that you may bear your humiliation and feel ashamed for all that you have done when you become a consolation to them. ⁵⁵Your sisters, Sodom with her daughters and Samaria with her daughters, will return to their former state, and you with your daughters will also return to your former state. ⁵⁶As the name of your sister Sodom was not heard from your lips in your day of pride, ⁵⁷before your wickedness was uncovered, so now you have become the reproach of the daughters of Edom and of all who are around her, of the daughters of the Philistines — those surrounding you who despise you. ⁵⁸You have borne the penalty of your lewdness and abominations," the Lord declares. ⁵⁹For thus says the Lord God, "I will also do with you as you have done, you who have despised the oath by breaking the covenant."

16:55 "daughters" See full notes at Jer. 46:11 and Amos 5:2.

The Masoretic Hebrew text has a similar word "Aram" (BDB 74, ארם, which denotes Syria), as do the Septuagint and Vulgate, but some Hebrew manuscripts and the old Syriac and the Peshitta have "Edom" (BDB 10, אדם), which fits the context better, but "Aram" is the best textual option (UBS Text Project, p. 48, "B" rating).

The Rotherham's Emphasized Bible, in a footnote, p. 801, mentions that some MSS have "daughters of men" (Adam instead of Aram).

SPECIAL TOPIC: EDOM AND ISRAEL

16:59 "you who have despised the oath by breaking the covenant" These are serious charges!

1. "despised," BDB 102, KB 117, Qal PERFECT, cf. Ezek. 17:16,18,19; Isa. 24:5
2. "breaking," BDB 830, KB 924, Hiphil INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT

Covenants were confirmed by a sacrifice (i.e., cutting an animal) and an oath of obedience to its obligations. In the Ancient Near East, breaking an oath (BDB 46)/covenant (BDB 136) resulted in the curses and negative consequences spelled out in the covenant (cf. Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28). Israel had reaped these curses and now Judah!

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

SPECIAL TOPIC: HITTITE (SUZERAIN) TREATIES

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: EZEKIEL 16:60-63
 ⁶⁰"Nevertheless, I will remember My covenant with you in the days of your youth, and I will establish an everlasting covenant with you. ⁶¹Then you will remember your ways and be ashamed when you receive your sisters, both your older and your younger; and I will give them to you as daughters, but not because of your covenant. ⁶²Thus I will establish My covenant with you, and you shall know that I am the Lord, ⁶³so that you may remember and be ashamed and never open your mouth anymore because of your humiliation, when I have forgiven you for all that you have done," the Lord God declares.

16:60-63 YHWH will remember His covenant and restore His people (cf. Gen. 17:7,19; Lev. 26:11,44-45; Deut. 4:31) because of His eternal plan of redemption.

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNALA REDEMPTIVE PLAN)

Notice the reciprocal actions

1. God's sovereign choices
   1. "I will remember My covenant with you," Ezek. 16:60, BDB 269, KB 209, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Lev. 26:42,45
   2. "I will establish an everlasting covenant with you," Ezek. 16:60, BDB 877, KB 1086, Hiphil PERFECT with waw. This is referring to the "new covenant" of Jer. 31:31-34, which is described in Ezek. 36:22-38
   3. "when I have forgiven you for all that you have done," Ezek. 16:63, BDB 497, KB 493, Piel INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT
2. the covenant people's actions
   1. you will remember your ways, Ezek. 16:62,63; 20:43; 36:31
   2. you will be ashamed, Ezek. 16:62,63; 36:32

Both divine initiative and human repentance are required for covenant!

SPECIAL TOPIC: FOREVER ('olam)

16:60 "I will establish an everlasting covenant" This is surprising because the Mosaic covenant was meant to be perpetual. However, it was also conditional on human obedience (as well as a circumcized heart, cf. Lev. 26:41; Deut. 10:16; 30:6; Jer. 4:4; 9:25-26; Rom. 2:28-29). It was the inability for obedience on the part of fallen mankind (cf. Genesis 3), even covenant people, that necessitated a "new" different approach. The "new" covenant would be based on divine performance (cf. Isaiah 53 and Ezek. 36:22-36). It would provide internal motivation for obedience (cf. Jer. 31:31-34). The contrast can be seen by comparing Ezek. 18:30-32 with Ezek. 36:26-27.

God still wants a righteous people who will reflect His character to the nations, but now the focus has shifted from human performance-based covenant to a divine performance-based covenant. Gratitude and family love replace the wages of a hireling! We serve and obey because we are already accepted! Obedience is not what makes us accepted, but the evidence that we have been accepted (cf. Eph. 1:4; 2:8-10; James 2:14-26). The goal for new covenant believers is Christlikeness!

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW COVENANT

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