INTRODUCTION TO ZECHARIAH

UNIQUENESS
1. This book is pivotal in our understanding of both apocalyptic literature and eschatology.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE
2. Surprisingly Zechariah 1-8 are alluded to extensively in the book of the Revelation, while Zechariah 9-14 are alluded to often in the Gospels.
  1. Zechariah is seen by NT authors to refer to Jesus (direct quote)
    1. Matt. 21:5; John 12:15 ‒ Zech. 9:9
    2. Matt. 27:9-10 ‒ Zech. 11:12-13
    3. John 19:32 ‒ Zech. 12:10
    4. Matt. 26:31; Mark 14:27 ‒ Zech. 13:7
  2. allusions to Zechariah 1-8 in Revelation
    1. Zech. 1:8 ‒ Rev. 6:2,4; 19:11
    2. Zech. 2:1-2 ‒ Rev. 11:1
    3. Zech. 2:10 ‒ Rev. 21:3
    4. Zech. 3:1 ‒ Rev. 12:10
    5. Zech. 4:3 ‒ Rev. 11:4
    6. Zech. 4:10-14 ‒ Rev. 5:6
    7. Zech. 6:2 ‒ Rev. 6:4,5
    8. Zech. 6:3 ‒ Rev. 6:2; 19:11
    9. Zech. 6:5 ‒ Rev. 7:1
    10. Zech. 6:6 ‒ Rev. 6:2,5; 19:11
  3. allusions to Zechariah 9-14 in the Gospels
    1. Zech. 9:2-4 ‒ Matt. 11:21-22; Luke 10:13-14
    2. Zech. 9:11 ‒ Matt. 26:28; Mark 14:24; Luke 22:20
    3. Zech. 11:12 ‒ Matt. 26:15
    4. Zech. 12:10 ‒ Matt. 24:30
    5. Zech. 13:7 ‒ Matt. 26:31; Mark 14
3. Zechariah quotes extensively from the major eighth century prophets
  1. in the North, Amos and Hosea
  2. in the South, Isaiah and Micah
  3. as well as the seventh century prophets, Jeremiah and Ezekiel
    He brings their insights to bear on his day and the last days. This shows that the prophets of Israel and Judah had access to each other's books.
    SPECIAL TOPIC: PROPHECY (OT)
    SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW CANON
4. This book is a good example of apocalyptic language. This is a literary genre which tries to document end-time events by means of figurative, imaginative symbols. It was often used in tension-filled times to express the hope of God's people that He was/is in control. Three good books that have helped me are
  1. Brent Sandy, Plowshares and Pruning Hooks: Rethinking the Langauge of Prophecy and Apocalyptic
  2. Sandy and Giese, Cracking OT Codes
  3. Fee and Stuart, How To Read the Bible For All Its Worth
5. This book is also very Messianic. He is God's agent of permanent change in human history. Zechariah, like Isaiah (cf. Isa. 52:13-53:12), reveals a suffering Messiah (cf. Gen. 3:15).
  SPECIAL TOPIC: MESSIAH
  SPECIAL TOPIC: MESSIANIC ERA
  SPECIAL TOPIC: A SUFFERING MESSIAH
6. Jerome, the translator of the Latin Vulgate, called Zechariah the most obscure book in the Old Testament.
AUTHOR
1. Zechariah means "YHWH remembers" or "One remembered by YHWH" (BDB 272). This prophet's name gives hope to the exiled Jews who wondered if their Covenant God remembered them. Haggai and Zechariah's call to rebuild the temple is physical evidence that the Abrahamic, Mosaic, and Davidic covenant promises are restored to the post-exilic community.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: TABERNACLE OF THE WILDERNESS
  SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S COVENANT REQUIREMENTS OF ISRAEL
  SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS
2. Zechariah was a very common Hebrew name. It was spelled two ways in the English Bibles: Zechariah or Zachariah because of the Hebrew name's translation into Greek. There are twenty-seven people in the English OT who spell it with an "e" and two who spell it with an "a."
3. Zechariah 1:1 tells us that he was a priest (cf. Ezra 5:1; 6:14; Neh. 12:4,16). Why his ancestor, Berechiah, is omitted from the list is uncertain. This would make him a post-exilic prophet, like Haggai, Malachi, and possibly Obadiah and Joel.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: LEVITICAL PRIESTS
  SPECIAL TOPIC: POST EXILIC CHART
4. Many modern scholars deny the unity of the book of Zechariah. This is because
  1. chapters 1-8 are so different from chapters 9-14. In chapters 1-8 the prophet is named and dates are given. The setting is obviously post-exilic. This section is alluded to extensively by John in his book of the Revelation.
  2. However, Zechariah 9-14 are undated. There is no prophet named. There is no obvious historical setting. This section is alluded to most often in the Gospels. However, this structure is common in several OT prophets (e.g., Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel).
    In Matt. 27:9 Jesus attributes a quote to Jeremiah which is from Zech. 11:12-13. This was the beginning of the trend toward denying authorship of chapters 9-14 to Zechariah.
  3. However, even the Dead Sea Scrolls have Zechariah as a unity.
    There are several internal grammatical and lexical items which point to a unity.
    1. the use of the number "two" (Zech. 4:3; 5:9; 6:1; 11:7; 13:8)
    2. the use of the VOCATIVE (Zech. 2:7,10; 3:2,8; 4:7; 9:9,13; 11:1-2; 13:7)
    3. the use of the phrase, "go to and fro," which is unique to Zechariah (Zech. 7:14; 9:8)
    4. the repeated use of "saith the Lord" (used sixteen times)
    5. the Qal form of "to dwell" or "to inhabit" ( BDB 442, Zech. 2:8; 7:7; 12:6; 14:10)
      (These are taken from R. K. Harrison's Introduction to the Old Testament, p. 954). For further discussion of the unity of the book see E. J. Young's Introduction to the Old Testament, p. 280).
      SPECIAL TOPIC: MATTHEW 27:9
DATE
1. From Zech. 1:1 we learn that the prophet began his ministry in the second year of Darius. Most scholars assert that this is Darius I Hystaspes (522-486 B.C.), who took over the kingdom after Cambyses II (530-522 B.C.), Cyrus II’s son, committed suicide.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: KINGS OF PERSIA
2. This would make the date 520-519 B.C. He preached about two years (cf. Zech. 1:7; 7:1).
3. Haggai and Zechariah are dated more precisely than any other OT books.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: HAGGAI
PURPOSE
1. The major purpose of the book is to encourage the returning Jews to rebuild the temple (cf. Ezra 5). This was started by Sheshbazzar (cf. Ezra 1:8; 5:16), but had not been continued under Zerubbabel (cf. Ezra 2:1-2). The temple had been neglected for eighteen years. Haggai asserts that this is because of the apathy of the people (cf. Hag. 1:1-11), while Ezra implies that it was the political maneuvers of the surrounding provinces, especially Samaria.
2. Both Haggai and Zechariah address the issue of rebuilding the temple (cf. Zechariah 1-8), but Zechariah also covers many more issues (cf. Zechariah 9-14).
3. I must admit I struggle with prophetic and apocalyptic language. Its imagery is hard to put into a specific historical setting. Exegesis of the texts often does not reveal the meaning. I love God's word and do not want to add to it or take away from it (cf. Deut. 4:2; 12:32; Prov. 30:5-6; Matt. 7:17-19). Here are some resouces that have helped me in this dilemma.
  1. A Guide to Biblical Prophecy by Carl E. Amending and W. Ward Basque
  2. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth by Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart, chapter 10
  3. My Servants the Prophets by Edward J. Young
  4. Plowshares and Pruning Hooks: Rethinking the Language of Biblical Prophecy and Apocalyptic by D. Brent Sandy
  5. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, vol. 4, pp. 1067-1078
  6. The Langauge and Imagery of the Bible by G. B. Caird
  7. YouTube lectures by Steve Gregg (thenarrowpath.com) who is a partial preterist
BRIEF SAMPLE OUTLINE (taken from Introduction to the Old Testament, by R. K. Harrison, p. 950)
1. Dated prophecies, Zechariah 1-8
  1. Introduction and call to repentance, Zech. 1:1-6
  2. Eight visions, Zech. 1:7-6:8
    1. four horsemen; the promise of divine restoration, Zech. 1:7-17
    2. four destroying horns and four smiths, Zech. 1:18-21 (Heb. 2:1-4)
    3. the immeasurable greatness of Jerusalem, Zech. 2:1-13 (Heb. 2:5-17)
    4. the cleansing of Joshua; an oracle to him, Zech. 3:1-10
    5. the seven-branched lampstand, Zech. 4:1-14
    6. the large, flying scroll, Zech. 5:1-4
    7. the woman in an ephah removed to Babylon, Zech. 5:5-11
    8. four horse-drawn chariots traversing the earth, Zech. 6:1-8
  3. Historical section: Joshua symbolic of the Messiah, Zech. 6:9-15 (I think this is a ninth vision)
  4. An inquiry of Zechariah concerning fasting, Zech. 7:1-8:23
2. Undated prophecies, Zechariah 9-14
  1. Judgment of national enemies; the coming of the peaceful prince, Zech. 9:1-17
  2. Gathering in of the chosen flock by the divine leader, Zech. 10:1-12
  3. Good and foolish shepherds; the suffering of the flock, Zech. 11:1-17
  4. Eschatological oracles, Zech. 12:1-13:6
  5. The purifying judgment of Israel and the blessings of the divine kingdom, Zech. 13:7-14:21
THE MEANING OF THE EIGHT VISIONS
1. The angels on colored horses (cf. Zech. 1:7-17) — God knows what is happening on earth, especially as it relates to His plan of universal redemption through a Jewish Messiah. The Jews must be reestablished in Jerusalem for God's plan to manifest in history.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN
2. The four horns and the four craftsmen (cf. Zech. 1:18-21) — God allowed pagan nations to judge His idolatrous people (cf. Zech. 1:15), but now He will judge them for their excess and pride. World empires are directed by God for His redemptive purposes.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: SYMBOLIC NUMBERS IN SCRIPTURE, #2
3. The measuring of Jerusalem (cf. Zech. 2:1-13) — God will restore His people to the Promised Land and renew and expand the covenant. YHWH Himself will be with them and protect them as in the Exodus experience.
4. Joshua forgiven and restored (cf. Zech. 3:1-10) — Joshua as High Priest stands for the Jewish nation. He is forgiven and restored, which shows in very clear symbols that the sacrificial system and, thereby, the covenant is fully restored and functioning. The Messianic element shows the priestly aspect of the Messiah’s work (cf. Psalm110; Isaiah 53; Heb. 1:3; 5:6,10; 6:20; 7:17; 8:1; 10:12; 12:2).
5. The lampstand (cf. Zech. 4:1-14) — God’s power, not human power, will reestablish the covenant (i.e., rebuilt temple as a symbol/sign). God will use Spirit-empowered human instrumentality (i.e., Joshua and Zerubbabel).
  SPECIAL TOPIC: LAMPSTAND
6. The flying scroll (cf. Zech. 5:1-4) — Symbol of God’s judgment on covenant breaking among His people, which will result in the destruction of the violators.
  SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT REQUIREMENTS OF ISRAEL
7. Wickedness in a basket (cf. Zech. 5:5-11) — Rebellion (idolatry) against God will be caged in a basket and removed to the place of human arrogance and idolatry (i.e., Shinar = Babylon).
  SPECIAL TOPIC: CONSEQUENCES OF IDOLATRY
8. The four chariots pulled by colored horses (cf. Zech. 6:1-8) — This is parallel to the first vision. God is present and sovereign in all the world.
Please read the quotes from D. Brent Sandy, Plowshares and Pruning Hooks, found in Contextual Insights to Daniel 11, F. These insights into the nature of apocalyptic literature will be very helpful as we study and attempt to interpret the book of Zechariah.