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ISAIAH 1

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS*

 * Although they are not inspired, paragraph divisions are the key to understanding and following the original author's intent. Each modern translation has divided and summarized the paragraphs. Every paragraph has one central topic, truth, or thought. Each version encapsulates that topic in its own distinct way. As you read the text, ask yourself which translation fits your understanding of the subject and verse divisions.
 In every chapter we must read the Bible first and try to identify its subjects (paragraphs), then compare our understanding with the modern versions. Only when we understand the original author's intent by following his logic and presentation can we truly understand the Bible. Only the original author is inspired—readers have no right to change or modify the message. Bible readers do have the responsibility of applying the inspired truth to their day and their lives.
 Note that all technical terms and abbreviations are explained fully in the following Special Topics: Hebrew Grammar,  Textual Criticism, Glossary and Abbreviations.

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS

1. The prophets typically used three standard literary forms to communicate their messages.
   1. court case (cf. Isa. 1:2,18)
   2. funeral dirge (cf. Isa. 1:24-26)
   3. promise oracle
   
   
2. It is surprising that Isaiah's call is recorded in chapter 6. There is only the brief introduction in Isa. 1:1. However, this brief introduction tells the length and time of Isaiah's ministry. Obviously only a few selected visions, poems, and revelations to Isaiah are recorded, either by himself late in his ministry or by followers after his death. R. K. Harrison calls the book an anthology.
   
   
3. Chapter 1 may be a summary of the entire book. The same themes are repeated throughout Isaiah's writings. Most prominent is the vision of Judah's sins of
   1. intentional covenant violations
   2. trust in formalism and liturgy
   3. social injustice
   4. idolatry
      The consequences of violating the Mosaic covenant recorded in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28 must come to bear if God is true to His word (i.e., the Two Ways, cf. Deut. 30:15,19; Psalm 1)! The consequences of known sin are as real as the promises of YHWH's love, care, and protection. They are two sides of one covenant! Most covenant promises are conditional on a human response. Remember the purpose of judgment was the restoration of intimate fellowship, like the Garden of Eden before the Fall, before the image and likeness of God were damaged!
      SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:1-3
¹The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz concerning Judah and Jerusalem, which he saw during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
²Listen, O heavens, and hear, O earth;
For the Lord speaks,
"Sons I have reared and brought up,
But they have revolted against Me.
³An ox knows its owner,
And a donkey its master's manger,
But Israel does not know,
My people do not understand."

1:1 "vision" This term (BDB 302, KB 301) is used in the sense of a "revelatory message" (cf. Isa. 29:7; Mic. 3:6). The terms "visions" and "dreams" are parallel in Isa. 29:7 (cf. Dan. 7:1). Usually dreams occur at night and visions both day and night. It appears to describe an altered state of consciousness whereby God, through imagery, idioms, and physical objects, communicates special revelation. These truths are divine, not human. Isaiah probably structured the messages, but the content was from God! It is hard to describe the mechanisms of inspiration, but the results are a divine, authoritative message.

Here, in this context of an opening verse, the term is used as a title for Isaiah's messages (cf. Isa. 2:1; 13:1; Amos 1:1; Micah 1:1; Hab. 1:1).

SPECIAL TOPIC: WAYS OF REVELATION

SPECIAL TOPIC: INSPIRATION

▣ "Isaiah" The name (BDB 447, KB 449) means "YHWH saves" or "salvation is of YHWH" (there is no verb). When "iah" appears on the end of a Hebrew name, it implies royalty and also stands for the covenant name of God, YHWH (cf. Exod. 3:14).

SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D.

▣ "Amoz" This person (BDB 55, KB 63) is mentioned only in connection to Isaiah. The basic root means "strength," "strong," or "mighty."

▣ "he saw" This VERB, (חזה, BDB 302, KB 301, Qal PERFECT) is from a similar root, "visions" (חזון) and the same as "seer" (חזה). It is used repeatedly in Isaiah (cf. Micah 1:1).

SPECIAL TOPIC: PROPHET (the different Hebrew terms)

▣ "Uzziah" Tradition says that Isaiah was related to Uzziah (BDB 739, KB 809, "YHWH is my strength"). This cannot be corroborated, but the evidence points in this direction. This godly king died of leprosy in 740 B.C. (there is no consensus on the dates of his reign). He is also known in the Bible as Azariah ("YHWH is my help").

SPECIAL TOPIC: KINGS OF THE DIVIDED KINGDOM

1:2 "Listen, O heavens, and hear, O earth" These two IMPERATIVES are from different roots, but mean basically the same.

1. listen, BDB 1033, KB 1570, Qal IMPERATIVE, cf. Isa. 1:10,15,19; 6:8,9 (twice),10, etc.
2. hear, BDB 24, KB 27, Hiphil IMPERATIVE, cf. Isa. 1:2,10; 8:9; 28:23; 32:9; etc.

This was a striking way to jolt His people into acknowledging their rebellion. YHWH was initiating a court case against His own people! This opening is similar to Micah 1:2, Isaiah's contemporary Judean prophet.

This sets the stage for chapter 2, which is also a court scene. God is taking his people to trial. This is a common literary technique in the Prophets (i.e., Mic. 6:6-8; Jer. 2:1ff; Rom. 8:31ff). This is a common procedure in the OT of providing two witnesses (i.e., heaven and earth) to confirm a testimony (cf. Deut. 4:26; 30:19; 31:28; 32:1; Ps. 50:4).

"Heaven" (BDB 1029) here refers to the atmosphere above the earth which was part of original creation (cf. Genesis 1). In this context it does not refer to "God's abode" (i.e., The Third Heaven).

SPECIAL TOPIC: HEAVEN

SPECIAL TOPIC: HEAVENS AND THE THIRD HEAVEN

▣ "For the Lord speaks" This is the covenant name for Israel's Deity. YHWH can speak but the idols of the nations cannot!

A similar form appears in v. 20. The Jewish Study Bible, p. 784, mentions that this inclusio literary form often sets the limits of a literary unit (i.e., Isa. 1:2-20).

SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D.

▣ "Sons I have reared and brought up" Here again God is described in anthropomorphic, familiar terms as a loving parent of Hosea 11:1-4 (also note Exod. 4:22; Deut. 32:6; Jer. 3:4; 31:9). The best human analogies to comprehend the character and actions of YHWH are

1. parent
2. marriage partner
3. kinsman redeemer (see SPECIAL TOPIC: KINSMAN REDEEMER)

SPECIAL TOPIC: FATHERHOOD OF GOD

SPECIAL TOPIC: ANTHROPOMORPHIC LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE GOD

▣ "revolt" This VERB (BDB 833, KB 981, Qal PERFECT) implies active, violent, open-eyed, settled, personal rebellion (cf. Isa. 1:28; 43:27; 46:8; 53:12; 59:13; 66:24). Rebellion came from the family of God (i.e., the covenant people).

▣ "Me" Sin is primarily a violation against God (cf. Gen. 39:9; 2 Sam. 12:13; Ps. 41:4; 51:4). Norman H. Snaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the Old Testament, says "(the prophets) thought of it (sin) as rebellion rather than transgression" (p. 65). Sin is a perversion of the divine image and likeness of God in humankind (cf. Gen. 1:26,27). God wants the world to know Him! He chose a person (Abram), a family (Jacob), and a nation (Israel) to reveal Himself to all humanity, but Israel failed to reflect the holiness and compassion of YHWH. They rebelled against Him with "opened eyes." The essence of sin is "me," more for me at any cost (i.e., the Fall of Genesis 3)!

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE FALL OF MANKIND

1:3 This verse may have been a well known, cultural proverb. Even dumb animals do not bite the hand that feeds them, but Judah does!

▣ "Israel does not know" The VERB "know" (BDB 393, KB 390, Qal PERFECT) does not imply only facts about a subject, but personal knowledge of someone (cf. Gen. 4:1; Jer. 1:5). Israel did not know their own creator, savior, and protector because they would not listen (cf. Isa. 5:12,13; 6:9-13; 30:9).

SPECIAL TOPIC: ISRAEL (the name)

SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW

▣ "My people" This is covenant language (cf. Hosea 1-3,11). It must be remembered that in the OT, election is God's primary initiating choice of Abraham and Israel. There is commensurate responsibility after God's initial choice known as covenant. This involves responsibility on both sides.

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

SPECIAL TOPIC: ELECTION/PREDESTINATION AND THE NEED FOR A THEOLOGICAL BALANCE

▣ "do not understand" This VERB (BDB 106, KB 122, Hithpalel PERFECT) in this stem means "to be inattentive," negated. The problem was not lack of knowledge, but their unwillingness to obey (cf. Isa. 6:9,10; Deut. 4:6; 32:29). They were content with a facade of religiosity (the cultus of Israel), but without the necessary lifelong faith, repentance, and personal trust! Their true nature is described in Isa. 5:18-23, esp. Isa. 1:21 (cf. Isa. 29:13; Micah 4:12). They were covenant people in title, but not covenant people in heart (cf. Rom. 2:28-29; 9:6)!

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:4
⁴Alas, sinful nation,
People weighed down with iniquity,
Offspring of evildoers,
Sons who act corruptly!
They have abandoned the Lord,
They have despised the Holy One of Israel,
They have turned away from Him.

1:4 "Alas" The INTERJECTION (BDB 222) introduces declarations of judgment (i.e. funeral dirge, cf. Isa. 10:5; 17:12; 28:1; 29:15; 31:1; 45:9,10; Jer. 22:18; 34:5; Amos 5:18; 6:1).

▣ "sinful nation" The common term "sinful" (BDB 306, KB 305, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE) means "to miss the mark."

The term "nation" is goy (BDB 156). This term is often used for the Gentiles, but it can refer to Israel (cf. Exod. 19:5-6). Israel was meant to be a holy nation (cf. Exod. 19:5-6), yet she turned out to be a sinful nation. What a reversal of expectations!

▣ "People weighed down with iniquity" This term "to be bent" or "heavy" (BDB 458) is imagery to describe sin as a burden on mankind's back (cf. Matt. 11:28). All of the Hebrew words for sin are related to crookedness or being bent (i.e., miss the mark) because the Hebrew term for righteousness used of God means a "measuring reed" or "ruler."

SPECIAL TOPIC: RIGHTEOUSNESS

▣ "Offspring of evil-doers,
  Sons who act corruptly" This seems to relate to Exod. 20:5 where the evil lifestyles of the parent are communicated to the children.

Notice the parallelism.

1. sinful nation, Isa. 1:4
2. weighed down with iniquity, Isa. 1:4
3. offspring of evildoers, Isa. 1:4
4. sons who act corruptly, Isa. 1:4

Also notice the parallel clauses that follow.

1. they have abandoned (BDB 736, KB 806, Qal PERFECT) the Lord
2. they have despised (BDB 610, KB 658, Piel PERFECT) the Holy One of Israel
3. they have turned away (BDB 266, KB 267, Niphal perfect) from Him

All speak of the actions of an informed, but rebellious, covenant people (notice the number of different word pictures for sin). By their actions and choices they are rejecting YHWH! These three PERFECT stems denote a settled attitude!

These people were to be the blessed "seed" (BDB 282) of Abraham (cf. Gen. 12:7; 13:15,16; 16:10; 22:17,18; 24:7; 26:3,4,24; 28:13,14; 32:12), but they had become the "seed" of evildoers! What a tragedy of wasted revelation and opportunity (cf. Luke 12:48)!

▣ "the Holy One of Israel" This is a favorite title for Deity in Isaiah (cf. Isa. 1:4; 5:19; 10:17,20; 12:6; 17:7; 29:19,23; 30:11,12,15; 31:1; 37:23; also in the second part of Isaiah, 40:25; 41:14,16,20; 43:3,14, 15; 45:11; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5; 60:9,14; see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HOLY ONE). Because He is "holy," His people should be holy (cf. Lev. 11:44-45; 19:2; 20:7; Matt. 5:48; 1 Pet. 1:16).

This title, in a sense, expresses the impossible tension of a sinful, fallen people conforming to a holy standard. The Mosaic Covenant was impossible to keep (cf. Acts 15; Galatians 3; Hebrews). The old covenant was a way to show the impossibility of humans to conform to God's standard, yet He was with them, for them, preparing them for His answer to their fallen condition. He does not lower His standard, but provides it through His Messiah. The new covenant (cf. Jer. 31:31-34; Ezek. 36:22-36) is a covenant of faith and repentance, not human performance, though it issues in Christlikeness (cf. James 2:14-26). God wants a people who reflect His character to the nations.

SPECIAL TOPIC: SANCTIFICATION

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

▣ "They have turned away from Him" This literally is "turned away" (BDB 266, KB 267, Niphal PERFECT) and "backward" (BDB 30, cf. Isa. 44:25). We would say, "they have willfully turned their back on Him" (cf. Isa. 1:2).

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:5-6
⁵Where will you be stricken again,
As you continue in your rebellion?
The whole head is sick
And the whole heart is faint.
⁶From the sole of the foot even to the head
There is nothing sound in it,
Only bruises, welts and raw wounds,
Not pressed out or bandaged,
Nor softened with oil.

1:5 Here God's people are personified a physically sick individual. This is a good example of physical sickness as imagery for sin (cf. Isa. 53:4-6; Ps. 103:3; Hosea 5:13). Physical healing is not part of the promise of atonement, but a full and complete forgiveness is! In Jewish thought sin and sickness are related (cf. John 9:2; James 5:5).

▣ "Where" NKJV, NRSV, TEV, NIV, RSV, ASV, REB, JPSOA, LXX, and Peshitta correctly translate this as "why" (BDB 752 II), which focuses on the reason for such continuing rebellion.

▣ "As you continue in your rebellion" This VERB (BDB 414, KB 418, Hiphil IMPERFECT) denotes a repeated, continuing attitude of rebellion against God's clearly revealed will.

▣ "whole head. . .whole heart" This parallelism denotes the whole person (thoughts, motives, and actions). The second phrase is also found in Jer. 8:18 and Lam. 1:22, which shows it was a common idiom.

1:6 "nothing sound in it" This NOUN (BDB 1071) denotes "completeness," "innocence," or "integrity." In this context it functions as imagery for

1. a life without integrity (cf. Gen. 20:5,6; Ps. 78:72; 101:2)
2. an unhealthy person (cf. Ps. 38:3)

The remainder of Isa. 1:6 describes ancient medical procedures.

1. pressed out
2. bandaged
3. softened with oil (oil as medication, cf. Luke 10:34; James 5:14)

A person (or nation) whose wound was not properly cleaned and bandaged could not hope to recover (cf. Hosea 6:1).

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:7-9
⁷Your land is desolate,
Your cities are burned with fire,
Your fields - strangers are devouring them in your presence;
It is desolation, as overthrown by strangers.
⁸The daughter of Zion is left like a shelter in a vineyard,
Like a watchman's hut in a cucumber field, like a besieged city.
⁹Unless the Lord of hosts
Had left us a few survivors,
We would be like Sodom,
We would be like Gomorrah.

1:7 This reflects an exile, probably either

1. the Assyrian attack in 701 B.C.
2. the invasion of Israel in 732 B.C.
3. possibly the Neo-Babylonian invasion of Judah in 586 B.C.

Remember Isaiah, the book, is a compilation of his messages. The exact historical setting of each prophetic message is not stated. Often his poems can refer to different invasions. They may even have been structured for purposeful ambiguity. It reflects the curses of Deuteronomy 28.

This PARTICIPLE (BDB 266, KB 267, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, twice) denotes someone from a different family, tribe, nation (cf. Isa. 25:2,5; 29:5; 61:5), usually an enemy of the covenant people. YHWH judges His people by the use of pagan enemies (cf. Isa. 10:5).

The JB, NEB, REB, and the footnote in the JPSOA have "it is as desolate as Sodom after its overthrow." This is because

1. the FEMININE "overthrow" is always used of Sodom (i.e., Isa. 13:19; Jer. 49:18; 50:40; Amos 4:11
2. Sodom appears in Isa. 1:9 and experiences a similar divine destruction by fire

There is no Hebrew textual evidence for this emendation.

1:8 "The daughter of Zion" The parent-child motif is begun in Isa. 1:2. Here it is continued into imagery that will recur often in prophetic literature.

1. daughter of Zion, Isa. 1:8; 10:32; 16:1; 37:22; 52:2; 62:11; Jer. 4:31; 6:23; Lam. 1:6; 2:1,4,8; 2:18; Mic. 4:8,10,13; Zeph. 3:14; Zech. 2:10; 9:9
2. daughter of Jerusalem, Isa. 37:22
3. daughter of Judah, Lam. 2:2,5,13,15; Micah 4:8
4. daughter of Tyre, Ps. 45:12
5. daughter of Babylon, Ps. 137:8; Isa. 47:1 (virgin daughter); Jer. 50:42; 51:33; Zech. 2:7
6. daughter of my people, Isa. 22:4; Jer. 4:11; 6:26; 8:11,19,21,22; 9:1,7; Lam. 2:11; 3:48; 4:6,10
7. virgin daughter, Isa. 23:12; 37:22; Jer. 14:17; 46:11; Lam. 1:15; 2:13
8. daughter of Egypt, Jer. 46:24
9. daughter of Edom, Lam. 4:21,22
10. daughter of Tarshish, Isa. 23:10
11. daughter of the Chaldeans, Isa. 47:1,5
12. faithless daughter, Jer. 31:22

Obviously it was a tender idiom referring to the inhabitants of a nation, region, or city.

▣ "Like a watchman's hut in a cucumber field" This refers to the very fragile, flimsy structure (cf. Isa. 24:20) that is erected during harvest time as a shelter for guards to protect the crop from robbers. Without God His people have no protection or hope (cf. Isa. 1:9).

1:9 "the Lord of Hosts" See SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD OF HOSTS

▣ "Had left us a few survivors" This refers to the terrible judgment of the Assyrian and/or the Neo-Babylonian exiles of God's people from the Promised Land.

It denotes the concept of "a faithful remnant" of believers (cf. Isa. 10:20-22; 11:11,16; 37:4,31,32; 46:3), which Paul refers to and expands to include Gentiles in Rom. 9:19-29! Not everyone will be redeemed!

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE REMNANT (three senses)

▣ "Sodom. . .Gomorrah" This is a historical allusion to God's judgment recorded in Genesis 18-19. These Canaanite cities became an ANE proverb for both evil and God's judgment of evil.

SPECIAL TOPIC: HOMOSEXUALITY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:10-15
¹⁰Hear the word of the Lord,
You rulers of Sodom;
Give ear to the instruction of our God,
You people of Gomorrah.
¹¹"What are your multiplied sacrifices to Me?"
Says the Lord.
"I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams
And the fat of fed cattle;
And I take no pleasure in the blood of bulls, lambs or goats.
¹²When you come to appear before Me,
Who requires of you this trampling of My courts?
¹³Bring your worthless offerings no longer,
Incense is an abomination to Me.
New moon and sabbath, the calling of assemblies -
I cannot endure iniquity and the solemn assembly.
¹⁴I hate your new moon festivals and your appointed feasts,
They have become a burden to Me;
I am weary of bearing them.
¹⁵So when you spread out your hands in prayer,
I will hide My eyes from you;
Yes, even though you multiply prayers,
I will not listen.
Your hands are covered with blood."

1:10-15 Israel's defense against God's charges of Isa. 1:2-6 is her religiosity!

1:10 "Hear. . .Give ear" The two IMPERATIVES of Isa. 1:2 are repeated.

▣ "You rulers of Sodom. . .You people of Gomorrah" Judah is like Sodom and Gomorrah, both her leaders and people are morally corrupt. This phrase was a shocking slur on the covenant people, as was the use of the term goy of Isa. 1:4.

This is the term Torah (BDB 435, KB 1710-1712). Notice the possible connotations. In this context it could refer to

1. Scripture (particularly the writings of Moses, Genesis ‒ Deuteronomy)
2. the preaching of the prophets
3. the teachings of the priests

They knew God's revealed will, but chose not to follow it.

SPECIAL TOPIC: TERMS FOR GOD'S REVELATION

1:11 "What are your multiplied sacrifices to me" It must be remembered, this is not an attack on sacrifice as such, but the attitudes in which people bring their sacrifices and to whom they bring them (cf. Isa. 29:13; Hosea 6:6; Amos 5:21-27; Mic. 6:6-8). Ritual can be meaningful if accompanied by a right attitude toward God (cf. Ps. 50). See Hard Sayings of the Bible, pp. 207-208, 274-275.

The sacrificial system given by God in Leviticus was His way to allow sinful people to approach and maintain fellowship with a Holy God.

▣ "I have had enough" This VERB (BDB 959, KB 1302, Qal PERFECT) means bloated or sated.

▣ "burnt offerings" This refers to totally burnt sacrifices which symbolized total dedication to God.

SPECIAL TOPIC: BURNT OFFERINGS

▣ "The fat of fed cattle" This refers to sacrifices when only part of the animal (fat of lower viscera) was offered on the altar and the rest was given to the priest or to the person bringing the sacrifice to eat as a communal meal with God and family, friends, and neighbors. The meat of large animals could not be preserved and had to be eaten quickly.

SPECIAL TOPIC: PEACE OFFERING

SPECIAL TOPIC: SACRIFICIAL SYSTEMS OF THE ANE

▣ "I take no pleasure in" This VERB (BDB 342, KB 339, Qal PERFECT) denoted YHWH's acceptance of a sacrifice. The usual idiom was "a soothing aroma" (cf. Gen. 8:21; Exod. 29:18,25). However, YHWH rejected these people's worship (cf. Isa. 1:10-15), as He rejected Cain's in Genesis 4.

SPECIAL TOPIC: SOOTHING AROMA

1:12 "to appear before Me" This refers to one's personal attendance at the tabernacle/temple (i.e., Exod. 23:17). They were not coming for true worship, but only in liturgical ritual religiousity!

This phrase is possibly a scribal alteration from "to see my face," which UBS Text Project, p. 1, gives a "C" rating (considerable doubt). It mentions that the scribes made this same type of alteration in Exod. 23:15; 1 Sam. 1:22; Ps. 42:3; 84:8. No one can see YHWH's face and live

SPECIAL TOPIC: CAN HUMANS SEE GOD AND LIVE?

1:13 "worthless offerings" This term (BDB 996) means "empty," "vain," "nothing."

SPECIAL TOPIC: EMPTY, VAIN, FALSE, NOTHINGNESS

▣ "Incense is an abomination to Me" The term "incense" (BDB 882, KB 1095) means "that which goes up." Therefore, it could refer to

1. the smoke of sacrifices
2. the smell of incense (usually spices placed on top of the sacrifice)
3. smoke from the incense altar before the inner veil of the tabernacle/temple (see SPECIAL TOPIC: INCENSE ALTAR)

These are strong words! It reminds me of Jeremiah's "Temple sermons" of Jeremiah 7. Ritual and liturgy had replaced repentance and faith. They were blind and deaf (cf. Isa. 6:9-10). They had a form of godliness, but denied true faith (cf. 2 Tim. 3:5). The tragedy is that they thought they were right with God! They thought they were His people! They were wrong, as are so many religious, normal, active religionists in every age.

The term "abomination" ("BDB 1072, KB 1702-1704) is used primarliy in Deuteronomy, Proverbs, and Ezekiel. It describes God's reaction to many things.

1. homosexuality, Lev. 18:22
2. other sexual sins, Lev. 18:26,27,29,30
3. idolatry, Deut. 7:25,26; 12:31; 14:3; 17:4; 27:15; 32:16; 2 Kgs. 16:3; 23:13; Jer. 32:35
4. blemished animal sacrifices, Deut. 17:1
5. occult practices, Deut. 18:9,12
6. confusion of gender, Deut. 22:5
7. sacred prostitution, Deut. 23:18; 1 Kgs. 14:24
8. remarriage after divorce, Deut. 24:4
9. commercial cheating, Deut. 25:15-16; Prov. 11:1; 20:10,23
10. the crooked man, Prov. 3:32; 6:16-19; 8:7; 11:20; 12:22; 15:26; Jer. 7:10
11. sacrifice of the wicked, Prov. 15:8,9; 21:27
12. the proud, Prov. 16:5
13. arrogant leaders, Prov. 16:12
14. bribed judges, Prov. 17:15
15. ritualistic offering of incense without lifestyle faith, Isa. 1:13

SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATION (OT)

▣ "New moon and Sabbath, the calling of assemblies" Remember the Hebrews used the lunar calendar. Every Sabbath was significant and every new moon (cf. Num. 28:11-15; 2 Kgs. 4:23; Isa. 66:23) had a religious orientation as well as the three yearly feasts appointed in the Mosaic law (cf. Exod. 23:14-17; 34:18-26; Leviticus 23; Deut. 16:1-17).

SPECIAL TOPIC: SABBATH (OT)

SPECIAL TOPIC: FEASTS OF ISRAEL

1:14 The Hebrew syntax here is broken because of the great emotion expressed by Isaiah on behalf of God. The first three verbs are all perfects (completed).

1:15 "you spread out your hands in prayer" Notice that "in prayer" is in italics, which means it is not in the Hebrew text. The spreading out of hands (cf. Exod. 9:29,33; 1 Kgs. 8:38,54; 2 Chr. 6:12) and the lifting up of the eyes to heaven (cf. John 11:41; 17:1) were the normal Jewish postures for prayer. God refuses to hear (cf. Isa. 8:17; 54:8; 59:2; Deut. 31:17; Jer. 11:11; Ezek.8:18) the prayer of sinful Judeans in their time of need because they came to Him in prayer like they came to Him in sacrifice. Whereas, many sacrifices do not appeal to YHWH, neither does much prayer without heart-felt faith, repentance, and covenant obedience.

SPECIAL TOPIC: KEEP

▣ "Your hands are covered with blood" This refers to violent murder or premeditated murder of the innocent.

SPECIAL TOPIC: MURDER

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:16-17
¹⁶"Wash yourselves, make yourselves clean;
Remove the evil of your deeds from My sight.
Cease to do evil,
¹⁷Learn to do good;
Seek justice,
Reprove the ruthless,
Defend the orphan,
Plead for the widow."

1:16-17 The prophet expresses the heart of YHWH in a series of commands.

1. wash yourselves, BDB 934, KB 1220, Qal IMPERATIVE
2. make yourselves clean, BDB 269, KB 269, Hithpael IMPERATIVE
3. remove the evil, BDB 693, KB 747, Hiphil IMPERATIVE
4. cease to do evil, BDB 292, KB 292, Qal IMPERATIVE
5. learn to do good, BDB 540, KB 531, Qal IMPERATIVE
6. seek justice, BDB 205, KB 233, Qal IMPERATIVE
7. reprove the ruthless, BDB 80, KB 97, Piel IMPERATIVE (possibly "rebuke the oppressor")
8. defend the orphan, BDB 1047, KB 1622, Qal IMPERATIVE
9. plead for the widow, BDB 936, KB 1224, Qal IMPERATIVE

Notice that YHWH's will is expressed in terms of a person's righteous acts of compassion (cf. Matt. 25:31-46). One cannot be rightly related to God and hateful and neglectful toward his covenant brother/sister (cf. 1 John 4:20).

Often there is confusion about biblical faith. Is it based on the character of God (i.e., grace, mercy) or on the actions of believers? And the answer is "yes"! A good example of the covenant reciprocity (always initiated by God) is comparing Ezek. 18:31 with Ezek. 36:26-27 (also note Eph. 2:8-9,10 and Phil. 2:12c-13)!

SPECIAL TOPIC: EASTERN LITERATURE

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

The MT has "set right the oppressors" (found only here), but the VERB means "called blessed" or "set right" (BDB 80, KB 97, Piel IMPERATIVE), which does not fit this context. It is probably best to change the vowel points of the MT from "the oppressors" to "those who are oppressed" (i.e., Qal PARTICIPLE, BDB 330, NET Bible, see note p. 1184).

▣ "orphan. . .widow" This pair is a symbol of all oppressed and socially disempowered people (cf. Exod. 22:21-22; Deut. 24:17,19,20,21; Job 24:3; Ps. 68:5; Jer. 7:6; Lam. 5:3; Ezek. 22:7; Zech. 7:10; Mal. 3:5). They are used together many times in Deuteronomy as the object of YHWH's personal care and attention (i.e., Deut. 10:18; Ps. 10:14,18; 68:5; Jer. 49:11).

It was especially the office of king in the ANE that was responsible for social justice and fairness!

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:18-20
¹⁸"Come now, and let us reason together,"
Says the Lord,
"Though your sins are as scarlet,
They will be as white as snow;
Though they are red like crimson,
They will be like wool.
¹⁹If you consent and obey,
You will eat the best of the land;
²⁰But if you refuse and rebel,
You will be devoured by the sword."
Truly, the mouth of the Lord has spoken.

1:18-20 "Come now, and let us reason together" The prophet has used the literary imagery of a "court scene" (i.e., YHWH divorcing His people) to communicate the message of personal responsibility and its consequences! This courtroom analogy continues.

YHWH is ready to forgive if His people will repent and obey! If they refuse, the consequences of covenant disobedience will come (cf. Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 28).

There are two VERBS expressing God's invitation for Judah to dialog with the Divine Judge.

1. come now (lit. "walk," "go"), BDB 229, KB 246, Qal IMPERATIVE (see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY)
2. let us reason together, BDB 406, KB 410, Niphal COHORTATIVE, cf. Job 23:7

Notice the result if (first "if" clause, Isa. 1:19) they respond appropriately (i.e., consent and obey, Isa. 1:19).

1. sins forgiven (from scarlet to white as snow)
2. sins forgiven (from red to white wool)
3. eat the best of the land

Notice the result (2^nd "if" clause, Isa. 1:20) if they refuse (BDB 549, KB 540, Piel IMPERFECT) and rebel (BDB 598, KB 632, Qal PERFECT with waw). They will be devoured (BDB 37, KB 46, Qal PASSIVE IMPERFECT).

It is interesting that the Sovereign God calls on His covenant people to respond appropriately. This is the mystery of predestination and free will. Both are true. They form the basic orientation of the covenant relationship initiated by God, but requiring a response on the part of His people (see SPECIAL TOPIC: KEEP). The fellowship of Genesis 1-2 is restored in a redeemed, covenant relationship. The effects of the Fall can be reversed (even within time).

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

▣ "Though your sins are as scarlet" Remember that dyed material in the ancient world could not be changed (i.e., they had no bleach). God's forgiveness (and forgetfulness) is miraculous but possible (cf. Ps. 103:11-14; Isa. 38:17; 43:25; 44:22; Mic. 7:19)! When God forgives, He forgets (cf. Ps. 103:12; Isa. 38:17; 43:25; 44:23; Micah 7:19)! Wow!

The color red as imagery for sin may come from the previous phrase "hands are full of bloodshed" mentioned in Isa. 1:15.

1:19 There is a wordplay between Isa. 1:19, "obedience will open the door for abundance" (lit. "eat the best of the land"; the VERB [BDB 37, KB 46, Qal IMPERFECT], which has always been God's will) and the same VERB in Isa. 1:20 translated "devoured" (i.e., they will be eaten; Qal PASSIVE IMPERFECT or Pual IMPERFECT), if they do not repent and obey (cf. Deut. 30:15,19). There are covenant blessings and responsibilities and they are connected (cf. Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 27-29)!

▣ "If you consent and obey" Remember the covenants in the OT are both conditional and unconditional. They are unconditional as far as God's promises, but they are conditional on mankind's response (cf. Luke 6:46; James 2:14-26).

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

SPECIAL TOPIC: KEEP

1:20 "Truly, the mouth of the Lord has spoken" God's Word will come to pass (cf. Isa. 24:3; 25:8; 40:8; 55:10-11; Matt. 5:18; 24:35; Luke 16:17)!

Believers' hope rests on

1. the unchanging character of God
2. the merciful character of God
3. the trustworthiness of His promises
4. the accuracy of His revelation

Notice how YHWH speaking introduces and closes chapter 1:2-20.

SPECIAL TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF ISRAEL'S GOD (OT)

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:21-23
²¹How the faithful city has become a harlot,
She who was full of justice!
Righteousness once lodged in her,
But now murderers.
²²Your silver has become dross,
Your drink diluted with water.
²³Your rulers are rebels
And companions of thieves;
Everyone loves a bribe
And chases after rewards.
They do not defend the orphan,
Nor does the widow's plea come before them.

1:21-23 This section deals with Jerusalem of Isaiah's day, the special place where YHWH caused His name to dwell (i.e., the temple or earlier, the tabernacle, cf. Deut. 12:5,11,14). It has become unfaithful and does not fulfill covenant stipulations (cf. Isa. 1:23). This section is characterized by Hebrew lament meter or beats, which is another common prophetic literary device (i.e., funeral dirge).

Notice her covenant violations.

1. murderers (cf. Exod. 20:13, premeditated, intentional taking of life, BDB 953, KB 1283, cf. Jer. 7:9; Hosea 4:2; see SPECIAL TOPIC: MURDER)
2. rulers as rebels
3. rulers as companions of thieves
4. lovers of bribes (cf. Isa. 5:23; Exod. 23:6,8; Deut. 16:19; 1 Sam. 8:3; Ps. 26:10; Amos 5:12; Micah 3:11; 7:3)
5. chasers of rewards
6. not defenders of orphans
7. not supplicants for widows (cf. Exod. 22:21-24; Jer. 5:28; 7:6; 22:3; Ezek. 22:7; Zech. 7:10)

These are violations of the Mosaic covenant summarized in Deuteronomy. Note that Judah is condemned for covenant violations, not idolatry in this context (unless the word "harlot" in Isa. 1:21 implies Canaanite fertility worship).

1:21 "faithful" This is the basic meaning of this root in the Hebrew Bible.

SPECIAL TOPIC: BELIEVE, TRUST, FAITH AND FAITHFULNESS IN THE OT

▣ "a harlot" This could be imagery for

1. a spiritual adultery, going after other gods
2. a reference to the Canaanite fertility cults

The "virgin daughter of Zion" has become corrupted!

▣ "justice" See SPECIAL TOPIC: JUSTICE

▣ "righteousness" See SPECIAL TOPIC: RIGHTEOUSNESS

1:22 These are two images for Jerusalem/Judah's moral corruptness. She (PRONOUN in v. 22 is FEMININE SINGULAR) was initially pure, but now she has become corrupted by her own choices and actions!

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO "CITIES" IN ISAIAH

This (BDB 685, KB 738) is not the normal term for wine (see SPECIAL TOPIC: BIBLICAL ATTITUDES TOWARD ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM). This SINGULAR FEMININE occurs only here. Because of the related cognate root in Akkadian, it may refer to beer (NET), beer that has been diluted (i.e., ruined) by water (NASB, JPSOA). In Arabic the root means "wine" or "imported wine."

This term (BDB 1024) occurs only here in the OT. BDB says it means "rewards" or "bribe" (parallel to bribe [BDB 1005] in the previous line). The basic root may be related to

1. shalom (BDB 1024), "peace," "health," "wholeness,"
2. "recompense" (BDB 1024, cf. Isa. 59:18; NIDOTTE, vol. 4, p. 143)

In Jerusalem the only peace was for wicked, wealthy, powerful groups in society.

SPECIAL TOPIC: WEALTH

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:24-26
²⁴Therefore the Lord God of hosts,
The Mighty One of Israel, declares,
"Ah, I will be relieved of My adversaries
And avenge Myself on My foes.
²⁵I will also turn My hand against you,
And will smelt away your dross as with lye
And will remove all your alloy.
²⁶Then I will restore your judges as at the first,
And your counselors as at the beginning;
After that you will be called the city of righteousness,
A faithful city."

1:24-26 YHWH speaks of His future plans of restoring His people (cf. v.26) after judgment on the wicked leadership.

1. "I will be relieved of My adversaries," Isa. 1:24, BDB 636, KB 688, Niphal IMPERFECT used in a COHORTATIVE sense
2. "I will avenge Myself on My foes," Isa. 1:24, BDB 667, KB 721, Niphal COHORTATIVE
3. "I will also turn My hand against you," Isa. 1:25. BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil COHORTATIVE
4. "I will melt away your dross as with lye," Isa. 1:25, BDB 864, KB 1057, Qal IMPERFECT used in a COHORTATIVE sense
5. "I will remove all your alloy," Isa. 1:25, BDB 693, KB 747, Hiphil COHORTATIVE
6. "I will restore your judges," Isa. 1:26, BDB 996, KB 1427 Hiphil COHORTATIVE
7. "I will restore your counselors," Isa. 1:26 (same as #6, one VERB, two OBJECTS; these must relate to the Exodus period)

Note that the purpose of judgment is restoration (cf. Isa. 1:27)!

1:24 Notice the two Divine names in Isa. 1:24!

1. the Lord, God of hosts (adon, YHWH, cf. Ps. 110:1; NIDOTTE, vol. 4, pp.1297-1298)
2. the Mighty One of Israel (cf. Gen. 49:24; Ps. 132:2,5; Isa. 49:26; 60:16)

SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD OF HOSTS

SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD (adon and kurios)

1:25-26 "you. . .your" These two verses use FEMININE SINGULARS to denote that YHWH is addressing the unfaithful capital city of Judah, Jerusalem, with all her economic, military, and religious power structures.

As Isa. 1:19 and 20 used the same VERB in contrasting ways, so too, Isa. 1:25 and 26 with

1. I will turn My hand against you, BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil COHORTATIVE
2. I will restore, BDB 996, KB 1427, Hiphil COHORTATIVE

The same term is used in Isa. 1:27, "the returnees" (BDB 996, KB 1427, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE) to describe those touched by God's justice and righteousness.

1:25 "will smelt away" See SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRE

1:26 "A faithful city" Is this an obvious reversal of the sarcasm of Isa. 1:21? Jerusalem is no longer "a harlot," but a restored, faithful woman (i.e., "city" is FEMININE). She has finally become true to her title, faithful to God, faithful to His covenant, and faithful to each other!

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TWO "CITIES" OF ISAIAH

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 1:27-31
²⁷Zion will be redeemed with justice
And her repentant ones with righteousness.
²⁸But transgressors and sinners will be crushed together,
And those who forsake the Lord will come to an end.
²⁹Surely you will be ashamed of the oaks which you have desired,
And you will be embarrassed at the gardens which you have chosen.
³⁰For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades away
Or as a garden that has no water.
³¹The strong man will become tinder,
His work also a spark.
Thus they shall both burn together
And there will be none to quench them.

1:27-28 Note the parallelism.

1. Isa. 1:27, the people of the restored city (Isa. 1:26 lines 3 and 4) will be characterized by "justice" and "righteousness"
2. Isa. 1:28, the one who refuses to repent (turn back) will be "crushed" and "come to an end"

Therefore, there is parallelism within Isa. 1:27 and 28, antithetical parallelism.

There is some question about Isa. 1:27. Does it describe what God is doing and will do or does it describe faithful covenant people? The answer is "yes." God wants a righteous people to reflect His character to the lost nations. These qualities are objective (God) and subjective (believers).

SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW POETRY, III.

1:29 This verse describes Judah's idolatry. It could refer to

1. Ba'al, Asherah worship (see SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF THE ANE) at local shrines (i.e., Asherah was symbolized by a live tree or carved stake, cf. Isa. 57:5, which also mentions the sacrificing of children to Molech)
   SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH
2. worship at sacred trees (local gods, cf. Isa. 65:3; 66:17)
   SPECIAL TOPIC: TREES
3. worship in sacred gardens often associated with a secret place for idolatry. In ANE literature temples and special gardens were often connected.

It must be added that it is possible that the paragraph (Isa. 1:27-31) refers to the exploitation and materialism of the wealthy classes of Judean society. The references in Isa. 1:29 are to choice property (i.e., violation of YHWH's special love toward the poor, ostracized, powerless) and not idolatry (i.e., violation of YHWH's uniqueness).

Read the chapter and decide for yourself! Whichever it is, it fails to reflect YHWH's character to the nations!

1:30 "fades" This VERB (BDB 615, KB 663, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE) is used as imagery for the fleetingness of human existence (cf. Isa. 34:4; 64:6; Ps. 90:5-6).

1:31 Fire is often associated with judgment or cleansing (i.e., Isa. 6:13; Jer. 4:4; Amos 5:6).

SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRE

This ADJECTIVE (BDB 340) is found only here and Amos 2:9, both in context that relates to trees (cf. Isa. 1:29,30). Possibly the REB is best. It refers to idolatry involving wood, trees, or a garden.

SPECIAL TOPIC: TREES

▣ "tinder" This term (BDB 654), in its VERBAL form, usually means "shaken out" (cf. Isa. 33:9,15), but the NOUN, used only twice in the OT, refers to the string/rope (tow) from flax (cf. Jdg. 16:9).

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. How long did Isaiah serve as the chief prophet for Judah?
2. Why is God spoken of in such anthropomorphic terms?
3. Is God displeased with sacrifice?
4. Define a person's responsibility in salvation, OT and NT.

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